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Its purpose is to produce a single reliable, representative value that is robust against dirty, faulty, or noisy sensors.",[169,184,185,186,189],{},"It is the value used, for example, by ",[187,188,75],"a",{"href":76}," as the reference irradiation, and shown in the realtime views.",[191,192],"hr",{},[194,195,197],"h2",{"id":196},"where-it-starts-the-technical-sensors","Where it starts: the technical sensors",[169,199,200,201,204,205,208],{},"Each photovoltaic plant can have several irradiation sensors. In ",[187,202,203],{"href":145},"Wizard Plants → Sensors"," some of them can be marked as ",[172,206,207],{},"Technical",": these are the reference sensors, considered trustworthy for the calculation.",[169,210,211,212,215],{},"The plant irradiation calculation uses ",[172,213,214],{},"only the irradiation sensors marked as technical",". Non-technical sensors are ignored.",[217,218,219,220,222],"tip",{},"This is why at least one irradiation sensor must be marked ",[172,221,207],{},": without one, plant irradiation cannot be calculated.",[191,224],{},[194,226,228],{"id":227},"how-the-readings-are-combined","How the readings are combined",[169,230,231],{},"At each instant, the system takes the readings of the technical sensors (on the same time base as the computed value) and picks the most representative value through a series of checks, in order:",[233,234,235,250,260,278,329],"ol",{},[236,237,238,241,242,245,246,249],"li",{},[172,239,240],{},"Validity"," — readings that are ",[172,243,244],{},"missing"," or flagged as ",[172,247,248],{},"invalid"," by the system are discarded (a data-quality flag, independent of the value).",[236,251,252,255,256,259],{},[172,253,254],{},"Physical plausibility"," — among the valid readings, only those with a value in ",[172,257,258],{},"0–1500 W\u002Fm²"," are kept: this excludes off-scale numbers produced by faulty or miscalibrated sensors.",[236,261,262,265,266,269,270,273,274,277],{},[172,263,264],{},"Daylight"," — only readings between ",[172,267,268],{},"sunrise and sunset"," are considered, to prevent night-time noise from polluting the value. Sunrise and sunset are computed with the ",[172,271,272],{},"NOAA"," solar algorithm from the plant coordinates; without valid coordinates a fixed ",[172,275,276],{},"06:00–18:00 UTC"," window is used and, in polar conditions (sun always above or below the horizon), nothing is excluded.",[236,279,280,283,284,287,288,292,293,296,297,300,301,304,305,308,309,312,313,316,317,319,320,324,325,328],{},[172,281,282],{},"Outlier rejection (Chauvenet's criterion)"," — applied only with ",[172,285,286],{},"more than 2"," valid readings: with ",[289,290,291],"code",{},"μ"," the mean and ",[289,294,295],{},"σ"," the ",[172,298,299],{},"population"," standard deviation (dividing by ",[289,302,303],{},"N","), a reading ",[289,306,307],{},"x"," is discarded if ",[289,310,311],{},"erfc( |x − μ| \u002F (σ·√2) ) \u003C 1 \u002F (2N)",", where ",[289,314,315],{},"erfc"," is the complementary error function. If ",[289,318,295],{}," is zero, or if the criterion would discard ",[321,322,323],"em",{},"all"," readings, nothing is discarded; with ",[172,326,327],{},"2 or fewer"," readings the step does not apply.",[236,330,331,334,335,338,339,342,343,346],{},[172,332,333],{},"Final value"," — the ",[172,336,337],{},"median"," of the surviving readings (with an ",[172,340,341],{},"even"," number of readings, the ",[172,344,345],{},"actual reading"," closest to the average of the two central ones, so as to preserve its timestamp and metadata): more stable than the average and not skewed by a single off-scale sensor.",[169,348,349,350,353,354,357],{},"The computed value is tagged with the ",[289,351,352],{},"VireoXcube (Computed)"," agent and carries a short ",[172,355,356],{},"diagnostic"," (which sensor was selected, how many readings were valid, how many survived, and which sensors were rejected), useful to understand how it was obtained.",[217,359,360,361,364,365,367],{},"With these details the value is ",[172,362,363],{},"verifiable",": by downloading the individual technical sensors' series from ",[187,366,44],{"href":45}," and applying the same rules you obtain the plant irradiation again.",[191,369],{},[194,371,373],{"id":372},"time-series","Time series",[169,375,376,377,380,381,384,385,388,389,392],{},"For charts and analyses over a time range the logic is ",[172,378,379],{},"the same",", applied point by point after a ",[172,382,383],{},"temporal alignment",": the technical sensors' readings are grouped into ",[172,386,387],{},"1-second"," windows, keeping for each sensor the ",[172,390,391],{},"latest"," reading of each window; the rules described above are then applied to each window. The grouping absorbs the small misalignments between sensor timestamps that would otherwise produce a \"zigzag\" signal.",[191,394],{},[194,396,398],{"id":397},"plant-irradiation-vs-inverter-irradiation","Plant irradiation vs inverter irradiation",[400,401,402,407],"ul",{},[236,403,404,406],{},[172,405,160],{}," — the single, filtered value described on this page, computed from the technical sensors.",[236,408,409,412],{},[172,410,411],{},"Inverter irradiation"," — each inverter can be linked to a specific irradiation sensor; if none is linked, the inverter falls back to the irradiation of the plant's control device. It does not apply the statistical filter: its purpose is to have the reference closest to the individual inverter.",{"title":414,"searchDepth":415,"depth":416,"links":417},"",2,3,[418,419,420,421],{"id":196,"depth":415,"text":197},{"id":227,"depth":415,"text":228},{"id":372,"depth":415,"text":373},{"id":397,"depth":415,"text":398},"How plant irradiation is calculated from the technical sensors","md",null,{},"\u002Fen\u002Fcomponents\u002Firradiation",{"title":160,"description":422},"en\u002Fcomponents\u002Firradiation","9ZaYoPisQep4ukHCpwGanVMA9c63k3B3JV064pvhZK4",[424,424],1784709983072]